Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor. Consequently, they agreed that if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense, would assist the member being attacked, taking such action as it deemed necessary including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization’s goal was “to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.” It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. Marshall’s orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. defense, military, and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon under U.S. In addition, the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d’état by the Communists had overthrown a democratic government and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union’s Defense Organization in September 1948. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on Maby Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defense against a prospective Soviet invasion-doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO’s military structure in 1966 for 30 years. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. NATO was little more than a political association until the Korean War galvanized the organization’s member states and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949. Treaty of Brussels A treaty signed on March 17, 1948, between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom as an expansion to the preceding year’s defense pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty signed between Britain and France a mutual defense treaty. 1948 Czechoslovak coup d’état An event in February 1948 in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia, marking the onset of four decades of Communist dictatorship in the country. Key Terms North Atlantic Treaty A mutual defense treaty signed in Washington on Apthat established NATO. For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 and represented a Soviet counterweight to NATO, composed of the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe.In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe, but the NATO countries, fearful that the Soviet Union’s motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected this proposal.NATO was little more than a political association until the Korean War (1950-1953) galvanized the organization’s member states.on April 4, 1949, thereby establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense treaty between 12 nations. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C.The Treaty of Brussels was signed on Mabetween Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as an expansion to the preceding year’s defense pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty signed between Britain and France it is considered a precursor to NATO.
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